MP Rifles
sub-machine gun is defined as a handheld or shoulder arm that fires pistol ammunition in a fully automatic mode. It is distinguished from the larger assault rifle by its limitation to pistol ammunition, which while not necessarily (or even usually) having a smaller bullet caliber does, typically, have a much smaller propellant charge. A sub-machine gun is usually much smaller than an assault rifle, as well, although some extreme variants of each type overlap in size. The development of the sub-machine gun came about in the early part of the twentieth century in response to a fairly specific set of tactical problems. Once it had been introduced, however, the sub-machine gun (SMG hereafter) was quickly adopted for a variety of roles - not, usually, those for which it had been originally designed. This writeup will offer a quick history of this type of firearm, with some of the more well-known makes as examples.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the only widely-used automatic weapons were emplaced, heavy machine guns. Some work was being done on smaller, more portable automatic weapons, but even these were mostly designed to be used in a fixed position; they were merely small enough to be lugged around between uses by a one- or two-man unit. During the First World War, some of the first uses of shoulder autoweapons occurred. The U.S. Army had the Browning Automatic Rifle - a complex, gas-operated design in full rifle form factor which could, nevertheless, fire off its fifteen or so rifle rounds in short order. As Ashley Pomeroy notes, near the end of that war the Germans introduced the Bergman MP18, a small automatic weapon which, despite also having a 'rifle-like' form factor, used 9mm pistol ammunition. As such, it may qualify as the first SMG to be mass-produced. It was introduced too late to make much of a difference in tactics, however, and was utilized mostly as a makeshift defensive tool - a 'more portable' machine-gun nest.
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